Overview

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are rare tumors that arise from neuroendocrine cells, which are found throughout the body, including the pancreas. They can be functional (hormone-secreting) or non-functional.

Types of Pancreatic NETs

• Insulinomas: Secrete insulin, causing hypoglycemia.
• Gastrinomas: Secrete gastrin, leading to Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.
• Glucagonomas: Secrete glucagon, causing hyperglycemia and skin rash.
• VIPomas: Secrete vasoactive intestinal peptide, causing severe diarrhea.
• Non-functional NETs: Do not secrete hormones; may present as a mass or with symptoms due to local effects.

Symptoms

Symptoms vary based on the type of NET:

• Hypoglycemia (from insulinomas)
• Peptic ulcers (from gastrinomas)
• Diarrhea (from VIPomas)
• Weight loss
• Abdominal pain or mass

Diagnosis

Diagnosis typically involves:

• Imaging studies (CT scan, MRI, or PET scan) to locate tumors.
• Blood tests to measure hormone levels.
• Endoscopic ultrasound for biopsy or further evaluation.

Treatment

Treatment options depend on the tumor type and stage:

• Surgical resection for localized tumors.
• Medications (e.g., somatostatin analogs) for symptom control.
• Chemotherapy or targeted therapies for advanced disease.
• Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) for certain cases.